The four states of mind to avoid to maintain Heijoshin (平常心), or “calm, steady mind,” are called the Shikai (四戒), or “four sicknesses of the mind”. These are derived from Japanese martial arts and Buddhist philosophy and represent mental distractions that interfere with clear thinking and effective action.

The four things to avoid are:

• Kyo (驚) — Surprise: The mental disturbance that occurs when faced with the unexpected. It can lead to a moment of frozen indecision where one is unable to make correct judgments or take relevant measures.
• Ku (懼) — Fear: Being afraid of an opponent, an outcome, or a situation. Fear can cause your spirit to freeze and your body to lose the ability to move freely and effectively.
• Gi (疑) — Doubt: Questioning your abilities or judging your opponent’s actions, which leads to hesitation and indecisiveness. Doubt erodes confidence and delays decision-making.
• Waku (惑) — Confusion: A state of hesitation and bewilderment that prevents you from making quick, clear decisions and acting swiftly. This happens when the mind is clouded by a mix of indecision and doubt.

Further Reading:

Heijoshin 平常心

The four sicknesses “shikai” – is there a cure?

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