What types of knowledge are there?
In his Nicomachean Ethics (Book VI), Aristotle famously describes several intellectual virtues. There is Techne, or Art; Episteme, or Knowledge, Phronesis, or Prudence, Sophia, or Wisdom, and Nous, or Intellect. He considered Sophia a combination of Nous and Episteme, but some others think it stands alone. Nous also seems to be more subjective, as well as supplying Phronesis with its aims, but is complicated. So are there three types, or five? I would like there to be four, thank you very much.
In Venharanta and Markopoulos’s paper, Phronesis seems to be the balance or sum of Techne, Episteme, and Sophia. In Carsten Pedersen’s web article, Techne, Episteme, Sophia, and Phronesis form a fourfold, with Nous in the center. Jon Alan Schmidt, a member of Virtuous Engineers, distinguishes between kinds of knowledge (Techne, Episteme, and Phronesis) and forms of human activity associated with them (Poiesis, Theoria, and Praxis). I like this distinction. What is the activity associated with Sophia?
Not knowing any Greek puts me at a disadvantage. Nous is linked to Noesis as a type of knowledge and Noein which seems to be the activity. I will present the following table and see how I like it!
Forms of Human Activity |
Types of Knowledge |
|
Theoria | Episteme | Science |
Praxis | Phronesis | Prudence |
Poiesis | Techne | Craft |
Noein | Sophia | Wisdom |
Further Reading:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme-techne/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous
https://www.age-of-the-sage.org/nous-noesis-noetic.html
https://www.psychsoma.co.za/learning_in_vivo/2009/09/techne-episteme-poiesis-praxis.html
https://sites.google.com/site/praxisandtechne/Home/architecture/knowledge/episteme
It’s all Greek to me: The terms ‘praxis’ and ‘phronesis’ in environmental philosophy
Kurt von Fritz / ΝΟΥΣ, Noein, and Their Derivatives in Pre-Socratic Philosophy (Excluding Anaxagoras):
Part I. From the Beginnings to Parmenides, Classical Philology, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Oct., 1945), pp. 223-242 https://www.jstor.org/stable/265805
Kurt von Fritz / ΝΟΥΣ, Noein, and Their Derivatives in Pre-Socratic Philosophy (Excluding Anaxagoras):
Part II. The Post-Parmenidean Period, Classical Philology, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1946), pp. 12-34
https://www.jstor.org/stable/267530
Vanharanta H., Markopoulos E. / Visualization of the Wisdom Cube Scientific Knowledge Space for Management and Leadership. In: Kantola J., Nazir S. (eds) Advances in Human Factors, Business Management and Leadership. AHFE 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 961. Springer https://doi.org/10.1007
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-20154-8_2
In Danish (English via Chrome translation):
http://omsigt.dk/hvad-er-praksisfilosofi/
Bent Flyvjerg / Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How it Can Succeed Again
https://www.librarything.com/work/185825/reviews/11378122
Interesting Anime:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noein:_To_Your_Other_Self
[*3.34, *11.130]
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Interesting to find Praxis mentioned here, as that is the name of an exam testing potential teachers’ general (Praxis I) and specific (Praxis II) knowledge of academic areas in the realm of high school and below in the Commonwealth of Virginia while pursuing qualifications to teach at that level.
The Virtuous Engineers web site is REALLY good! Thanks for bringing it to our attention.
Doxa – prejudice or common sense – is a category by itself. I do not know if Aristoteles ever mentioned it.