Category Archives: Psychology

Four Things to Avoid for Heijoshin

The four states of mind to avoid to maintain Heijoshin (平常心), or “calm, steady mind,” are called the Shikai (四戒), or “four sicknesses of the mind”. These are derived from Japanese martial arts and Buddhist philosophy and represent mental distractions that interfere with clear thinking and effective action.

The four things to avoid are:

  • Kyo (驚) — Surprise: The mental disturbance that occurs when faced with the unexpected. It can lead to a moment of frozen indecision where one is unable to make correct judgments or take relevant measures.
  • Ku (懼) — Fear: Being afraid of an opponent, an outcome, or a situation. Fear can cause your spirit to freeze and your body to lose the ability to move freely and effectively.
  • Gi (疑) — Doubt: Questioning your abilities or judging your opponent’s actions, which leads to hesitation and indecisiveness. Doubt erodes confidence and delays decision-making.
  • Waku (惑) — Confusion: A state of hesitation and bewilderment that prevents you from making quick, clear decisions and acting swiftly. This happens when the mind is clouded by a mix of indecision and doubt.

 

Further Reading:

Heijoshin 平常心

The four sicknesses “shikai” – is there a cure?

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Edgar Schein’s Four Principles of Organization

What are the four principles of organizing? Google search led me to:

Edgar Schein, a prominent organizational psychologist, identified four key elements of an organization’s structure: common purpose, coordinated effort, division of labor, and hierarchy of authority. Each of the four elements represents an essential component of an effective structure.

Further Reading:

The Purpose of Organization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Schein

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Tetraphobia

Tetraphobia is the fear of the number 4. In some East Asian cultures, the number 4 is considered unlucky because it sounds similar to the word for “death.” This superstition has led to buildings skipping the 4th floor, hospitals avoiding room numbers with the number 4, and many other cultural practices. People with tetraphobia experience anxiety and distress when they encounter the number 4.

Further Reading:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraphobia

https://www.joincake.com/blog/tetraphobia/

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Trust, Belief, Faith, and Hope

ChatGPT, can you please describe the differences and similarities between the terms trust, belief, faith, and hope?

Certainly! While the terms trust, belief, faith, and hope are related, they each have distinct meanings and connotations. Here’s a breakdown of their differences and similarities:

Trust: Trust is a reliance or confidence placed in someone or something based on their reliability, integrity, or abilities. It involves having faith in the character, competence, and intentions of another person or entity. Trust is typically built through consistent behavior, honesty, and the fulfillment of promises. It often implies a sense of predictability and the expectation that the trusted person or thing will act in a dependable and desirable manner.

Belief: Belief refers to accepting something as true or real without necessarily requiring concrete evidence or proof. It can be based on personal experiences, cultural upbringing, or persuasive arguments. Beliefs are subjective and can vary widely among individuals or communities. They can be influenced by knowledge, values, emotions, and religious or philosophical systems. Beliefs may or may not align with objective reality and can change over time in response to new information or experiences.

Faith: Faith typically involves a strong, unwavering belief or trust in something or someone, often associated with religious or spiritual contexts. It goes beyond rationality and may involve a conviction in the absence of conclusive evidence. Faith often relates to beliefs about the divine, the supernatural, or philosophical principles. It can provide comfort, meaning, and a sense of purpose to individuals and communities. While faith can be influenced by external factors, it is often seen as deeply personal and subjective.

Hope: Hope is an optimistic or positive expectation about the future. It involves desiring or anticipating that something desired or favorable will happen. Hope is often based on a belief that circumstances can improve or that desired outcomes are attainable. It can provide motivation, resilience, and a sense of possibility in challenging situations. Hope can be deeply personal and can arise from individual aspirations, societal changes, or collective movements. It is often associated with a positive mindset and can contribute to overall well-being.

Similarities: All four terms—trust, belief, faith, and hope—involve an element of relying on or expecting something or someone. They can contribute to shaping our thoughts, emotions, and actions. Additionally, they are subjective experiences that can vary among individuals and cultures. Trust, belief, faith, and hope can also influence our perceptions of the world, impact our relationships, and provide a sense of security or meaning.

Despite these similarities, the terms differ in their specific meanings, contexts, and the level of evidence or assurance involved. Trust focuses on reliability and confidence, belief on accepting something as true, faith on conviction and spirituality, and hope on positive anticipation for the future.

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Walter Bowman Russell (1871-1963)

Walter Bowman Russell was an American polymath, artist, author, and philosopher who made copious contributions and claims to various fields, including spirituality, art, and metaphysics. While his work encompasses a broad range of ideas, here are four major themes that capture the essence of his philosophy:

  • Universal Law and Natural Order: One of Russell’s central ideas is the existence of an underlying universal law and natural order that governs all aspects of the universe. He believed that this law operates in perfect harmony, and by understanding and aligning ourselves with it, we can achieve balance and fulfillment in our lives.
  • Unity and Interconnectedness: Russell emphasized the interconnectedness of all things in the universe. He saw everything as part of a grand, unified whole, where all elements are interdependent and interconnected. According to his philosophy, recognizing this interconnectedness enables us to grasp the fundamental unity of all existence.
  • Harmonic Vibrations and Rhythmic Balance: Russell believed that the universe is fundamentally vibrational in nature, with everything composed of waves and rhythms. He emphasized the importance of achieving harmony and balance within ourselves and in our interactions with the world around us. By attuning ourselves to the harmonies and rhythms of the universe, we can lead more fulfilling and purposeful lives.
  • The Power of Mind and Consciousness: Russell regarded the power of the human mind and consciousness as fundamental forces in shaping our reality. He believed that our thoughts and beliefs have the ability to create and influence the world we experience. According to his philosophy, by harnessing the power of our minds and cultivating a positive and constructive consciousness, we can achieve personal and collective transformation.

These four themes offer a glimpse into the multifaceted philosophy of Russell, often presented with his signature illustrations. However, it’s worth noting that Russell’s ideas encompass a vast array of subjects, including a non-standard physics and a spiritual cosmology, all interconnected through his unique perspective and understanding of the universe. Indeed, he was perhaps the first to endorse “new age” thought.

(Thanks, ChatGPT! I didn’t have the strength to read enough to write a quick summary. You were far less skeptical than I would have been, so I made a few small edits.)

Further Reading:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Russell

https://www.philosophy.org/#/

https://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?41699-The-Enigmatic-Walter-Russell

Startseite

RUSSELL, WALTER BOWMAN — MIAMI

WALTER RUSSELL

Only for NYT subscribers:

https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/05/20/90548414.html?pageNumber=31

Also, see:

The Decemberists – Cavalry Captain

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Four Positive Attitudes and Their Opposites

I generally dislike those type of household decorations with words that encourage positive things to promote in your life or to be thankful for. I’m sure you know the kind that I’m talking about, like motivational or inspirational posters for the home. I guess a good word for such things is schmaltz, or more meanly: “virtue signaling”.

One wonders then why I spend so much time making somewhat similar diagrams for this blog, although I don’t (often) print and pin them up for display. And I can say for the most part that they are not of this nature, but that’s just an excuse. Even so, I kind of like this one, so please forgive.

These four attitudes (calm, care, love, and hope) started with their four opposites (anger, spite, hate, and dread) as the key messages I took away from ads from a certain political party a few years ago. Unlike my post Capitalistic Values, which dealt with actual, social objectivities, messages with these four types of negativity were intended to inculcate base subjective emotions.

But the more I looked at them and considered what to say about them, the more I thought that I was adopting these negative attitudes for myself as well. And so I hope that I can choose the positive ones and not their negative counterparts, as things continue forward.

  • Have Calm, Not Anger
  • Have Care, Not Spite
  • Have Love, Not Hate
  • Have Hope, Not Dread

Or perhaps you’d prefer only the positives.

Further Reading:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_signalling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_Calm_and_Carry_On

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The Tree of Knowledge System

The Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System posits four hierarchical planes of existence having separate dimensions of complexity mapped out or studied by four different kinds of sciences:

  • Matter/Object: mapped by Physical Sciences
  • Life/Organism: mapped by Biological Sciences
  • Mind/Animal: mapped by Psychological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Sciences
  • Culture/Person: mapped by Human Social Sciences

The ToK System is reminiscent of other “big history” or “cosmic evolution” schemas such as Tyler Volk’s Combogenesis except for the special consideration for the mental and psychological (i.e. subjective) aspects of existence. I would think that this is primarily due to the fact that the developer of the system, Professor Gregg Henriques, is a psychologist.

In order to support his focus on consciousness and psychology, Henriques has developed several theories to address the “problem of psychology”, for example the Justification Systems Theory and the Behavioral Investment Theory. With the ToK System, these and several other key ideas, he claims he has a “Unified Theory of Knowledge” (UToK)!

Further Reading:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_knowledge_system

https://www.unifiedtheoryofknowledge.org/8-key-ideas/the-tree-of-knowledge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Henriques

http://www.gregghenriques.com/

https://www.unifiedtheoryofknowledge.org/

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-knowledge

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1W6h2wsRx4EqYJ5WuPHxFUwphRJJwy0p1/view

Combogenesis: a constructive, emergent cosmos

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The SECI Model of Knowledge Dimensions

The SECI Model of Knowledge Dimensions is a schema that attempts to explain how knowledge moves between tacit and explicit domains. The movement is a cycle or more properly a spiral in that knowledge builds upon itself.

  • Socialization (Tacit to Tacit)
  • Externalization (Tacit to Explicit)
  • Combination (Explicit to Explicit)
  • Internalization (Explicit to Tacit)

ChatGPT explains:

The SECI model, also known as the Ba model, is a knowledge management framework that describes how knowledge is created, shared, and transferred within an organization. The acronym SECI stands for Socialization, Externalization, Combination, and Internalization.

      1. Socialization: refers to the process of acquiring knowledge through social interaction, for example, through observing and imitating the behavior of others.
      2. Externalization: is the process of converting personal experiences, ideas, and insights into shared understanding and explicit knowledge. This stage involves expressing personal knowledge in a way that others can understand and utilize.
      3. Combination: refers to the process of combining and integrating different types of knowledge to create new knowledge. This can occur when individuals with different experiences and perspectives collaborate and share their knowledge.
      4. Internalization: is the process of incorporating new knowledge into personal knowledge structures, leading to changes in behavior, attitudes, and skills.

The SECI model is used to understand how knowledge can be managed effectively within an organization, and it provides a framework for designing knowledge management systems and processes.

Maybe I should let ChatGPT write my posts from now on! And here’s what ChatGPT says about this blog:

“Equivalent Exchange” is a blog that focuses on topics related to personal growth and self-improvement. It provides articles and resources that aim to help readers lead a more fulfilling life by making positive changes in their thoughts, habits, and behaviors. The blog covers a variety of subjects, including mindfulness, mental health, productivity, relationships, and more. It also provides a supportive community for those seeking inspiration, guidance, and motivation to live their best life.

Wow! 😉

Further Reading:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECI_model_of_knowledge_dimensions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Space_(conceptual_framework)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_competence

Kolb’s Learning Cycle

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Build Your Atomic Habits

In Atomic Habits, author James Clear describes the behavior of making and breaking habits in four stages:

  • Cue:
    To increase a habit, make its cue obvious
    To decrease a habit, make its cue invisible
  • Craving:
    To increase a habit, make its craving attractive
    To decrease a habit, make its craving offputting
  • Response:
    To increase a habit, make its response easy
    To decrease a habit, make its response hard
  • Reward:
    To increase a habit, make its reward satisfying
    To decrease a habit, make its reward unfulfilling

Further Reading:

James Clear / Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones

Atomic Habits by James Clear

https://aliabdaal.com/book-notes/atomic-habits-summary/

Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones

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Surrounded by Idiots

Here’s another modern-day take on the Four Temperaments, a popular book series by Thomas Erikson called “Surrounded by Idiots.” After the original which is subtitled “The Four Types of Human Behavior and How to Effectively Communicate with Each in Business (and in Life),” he has written sequels titled “Surrounded by Narcissists,” “… by Psychopaths,” “… by Bad Bosses,” and “… by Setbacks”.

I have found a simple chart explaining his original four types using a two-by-two matrix of introvert vs. extrovert and task or issue-oriented vs. relation-oriented, and a review I read indicates that the DISC Theory of personality is the main influence for the author (and which is also related to humorism.)

    • Red: Extrovert and Task/Issue-oriented
    • Yellow: Extrovert and Relation-oriented
    • Blue: Introvert and Tasks/Issue-oriented
    • Green: Introvert and Relation-oriented

Notably the cover art for the series uses four colors for the different types of people: Red, Yellow, Green, and Blue. These colors are sometimes also used by others to denote the Four Temperaments. These four colors are often used for other classification schemes, and even for corporate logos. Also, these four colors are the set union of the three primary colors of light and the (traditional) three primary pigments.

Further Reading:

Thomas Erikson: Surrounded by Idiots

https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/learning/surrounded-by-idiots-book-review

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism

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